Efficacy of a Comprehensive Weight Reduction Intervention in Male Adolescents With Different FTO Genotypes.

BACKGROUND: The FTO gene polymorphisms may influence the effects of lifestyle interventions on obesity. The present study aimed to assess the influence of the rs9930506 FTO gene polymorphism on the success of a comprehensive weight loss intervention in male adolescents with overweight and obesity. METHODS: This study was carried out on 96 adolescent boys with overweight and obesity who were randomly assigned to the intervention (n = 53) and control (n = 43) groups. The blood samples of the participants were collected, and the FTO gene was genotyped for the rs9930506 polymorphism. A comprehensive lifestyle intervention including changes in diet and physical activity was performed for 8 weeks in the intervention group. RESULTS: Following the lifestyle intervention, BMI and fat mass decreased significantly in the intervention group compared with the control group (both p < 0.05), while no change was found in weight, height or body muscle percentage between the groups. The participants in the intervention group with the AA/AG genotype and not in carriers of the GG genotype had a significantly higher reduction in BMI (-1.21 vs. 1.87 kg/m2, F = 4.07, p < 0.05) compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: The intervention in individuals with the AA/AG genotype has been significantly effective in weight loss compared with the control group. The intervention had no association effect on anthropometric indices in adolescents with the GG genotype of the FTO rs9930506 polymorphism. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Name of the registry: National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute; Trial registration number: IRCT2016020925699N2; Date of registration: 24/04/2016; URL of trial registry record: https://www.irct.ir/trial/21447.

Genetics of Exercise and Diet-Induced Fat Loss Efficiency: A Systematic Review.

Physical exercise and dieting are well-known and effective methods for fat loss and improving cardiovascular health. However, different individuals often react differently to the same exercise regimen or dietary plan. While specific individuals may undergo substantial fat loss, others may observe only limited effects. A wide range of inter-individual variability in weight gain and changes in body composition induced by physical exercises and diets led to an investigation into the genetic factors that may contribute to the individual variations in such responses. This systematic review aimed at identifying the genetic markers associated with fat loss resulting from diet or exercise. A search of the current literature was performed using the PubMed database. Forty-seven articles met the inclusion criteria when assessing genetic markers associated with weight loss efficiency in response to different types of exercises and diets. Overall, we identified 30 genetic markers of fat-loss efficiency in response to different kinds of diets and 24 in response to exercise. Most studies (n = 46) used the candidate gene approach. We should aspire to the customized selection of exercise and dietary plans for each individual to prevent and treat obesity.

Association between variants in TCF7L2, CTRB1/2, and GLP-1R genes and response to therapy with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists.

OBJECTIVES: The factors determining the response to treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1- RAs) have not been clarified. The present study investigated the association between polymorphisms in TCF7L2, CTRB1/2, and GLP-1 R genes and response to GLP-1 RAs regarding glycemic control and weight loss among Greek patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: Patients (n = 191) treated with GLP-1 RAs for at least 6 months were included. Participants were genotyped for TCF7L2 rs7903146 (C>T), CTRB1/2 rs7202877 (T>G) and GLP-1 R rs367543060 (C>T) polymorphisms. Clinical and laboratory parameters were measured before, 3, and 6 months after treatment initiation. The patients were classified into responders and non-responders according to specific criteria. RESULTS: Carriers of at least one rs7903146 'T' allele and rs7202877 'G' allele presented similar glucose control and weight loss response to GLP-1 RAs with the respective homozygous wild-type genotypes [odds ratio (OR): 1.08, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.5, 2.31, p = 0.85 and OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 0.66, 2.76, p = 0.42; OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 0.56, 3.47, p = 0.47 and OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 0.55, 2.98, p = 0.57, respectively]. Regarding the GLP-1 R polymorphism, all participants were homozygous for the wild-type allele; thus, no comparisons were feasible. Female sex (p = 0.03) and lower baseline weight (p = 0.024) were associated with an improved glycemic and weight loss response, respectively. CONCLUSION: There is no evidence suggesting a role for the variants studied in response to GLP-1 RA therapy in people with T2DM. However, specific demographic and clinical factors may be related to a better response to treatment with these agents.

Analysis of 16s rRNA Gene Sequencing in Feces: The Impact of Bariatric Surgery on the Gut Microbiota in Patients with Obesity.

PURPOSE: Obesity is a risk factor for many chronic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effect of bariatric surgery on the gut microbiota from patients with obesity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The microbiota composition from stool samples before and after bariatric surgery were identified using bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Based on the speed of weight loss, patients were classified as the slow-loss group and fast-loss group. The ɑ- and ß-diversity analysis was done to compare the species richness, evenness, and overall structure of the microbiota between different groups. Next, linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were implemented to identify high-dimensional biomarkers and significantly different species of microbial taxa between different groups. Finally, the pathway analysis was inferred using Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) to predict the functional profiling of microbial communities. RESULTS: ß-diversity analysis suggested that species diversity of preoperative samples of slow-loss group was significantly higher than the fast-loss group. High levels of Oscillospira and Abiotrophia in the preoperative gut microbiota may lead to poor postoperative weight loss. For patients with poor postoperative weight loss due to changes in gut microbiota, the gut microbiota is mainly composed of Lactobacillus. For patients with good postoperative results, the gut microbiota is mainly composed of Escherichia, Robinsonella, and Dialister. In addition, multiple metabolic-related pathways were significantly different between the four groups. CONCLUSION: This comparative study revealed biomarker species based on microfloral composition in patients with obesity before and after bariatric surgery.

The Impact of Glucomannan, Inulin, and Psyllium Supplementation (SolowaysTM) on Weight Loss in Adults with FTO, LEP, LEPR, and MC4R Polymorphisms: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

This study aimed to determine the impact of a fiber supplement on body weight and composition in individuals with obesity with specific genetic polymorphisms. It involved 112 adults with obesity, each with at least one minor allele in the FTO, LEP, LEPR, or MC4R polymorphism. Participants were randomized to receive either a fiber supplement (glucomannan, inulin, and psyllium) or a placebo for 180 days. The experimental group showed significant reductions in body weight (treatment difference: -4.9%; 95% CI: -6.9% to -2.9%; p < 0.01) and BMI (treatment difference: -1.4 kg/m2; 95% CI: -1.7 to -1.2; p < 0.01) compared to placebo. Further significant decreases in fat mass (treatment difference: -13.0%; 95% CI: -14.4 to -11.7; p < 0.01) and visceral fat rating (treatment difference: -1.3; 95% CI: -1.6 to -1.0; p < 0.01) were noted. Homozygous minor allele carriers experienced greater decreases in body weight (treatment difference: -3.2%; 95% CI: -4.9% to -1.6%; p < 0.01) and BMI (treatment difference: -1.2 kg/m2; 95% CI: -2.0 to -0.4; p < 0.01) compared to heterozygous allele carriers. These carriers also had a more significant reduction in fat mass (treatment difference: -9.8%; 95% CI: -10.6 to -9.1; p < 0.01) and visceral fat rating (treatment difference: -0.9; 95% CI: -1.3 to -0.5; p < 0.01). A high incidence of gastrointestinal events was reported in the experimental group (74.6%), unlike the placebo group, which reported no side effects. Dietary supplementation with glucomannan, inulin, and psyllium effectively promotes weight loss and improves body composition in individuals with obesity, particularly those with specific genetic polymorphisms.

Transcriptional and epigenetic changes after dietary and surgical weight loss interventions in an animal model of obesity.

BACKGROUND: Identifying determinants that can predict response to weight loss interventions is imperative for optimizing therapeutic benefit. We aimed to identify changes in DNA methylation and mRNA expression of a subset of target genes following dietary and surgical interventions in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. METHODS: Forty-two adult Wistar Han male rats were divided into two groups: control rats (n = 7) and obese rats (n = 28), fed a HFD for 10 weeks (t10). Obese rats were randomly subdivided into five intervention groups (seven animals per group): (i) HFD; (ii) very-low-calorie diet (VLCD); (iii) sham surgery, and (iv) sleeve gastrectomy (SG). At week sixteen (t16), animals were sacrificed and tissue samples were collected to analyze changes in DNA methylation and mRNA expression of the selected genes. RESULTS: By type of intervention, the surgical procedures led to the greatest weight loss. Changes in methylation and/or expression of candidate genes occurred proportionally to the effectiveness of the weight loss interventions. Leptin expression, increased sixfold in the visceral fat of the obese rats, was partially normalized after all interventions. The expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) genes, which was reduced 0.5- and 0.15-fold, respectively, in the liver tissue of obese rats, were completely normalized after weight loss interventions, particularly after surgical interventions. The upregulation of FASN and MCP-1 gene expression was accompanied by a significant reduction in promoter methylation, up to 0.5-fold decrease in the case of the FASN (all intervention groups) and a 0.8-fold decrease in the case of the MCP-1 (SG group). CONCLUSIONS: Changes in tissue expression of specific genes involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of obesity can be significantly attenuated following weight loss interventions, particularly surgery. Some of these genes are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms.

Novel markers and networks related to restored skeletal muscle transcriptome after bariatric surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to discover novel markers underlying the improvement of skeletal muscle metabolism after bariatric surgery. METHODS: Skeletal muscle transcriptome data of lean people and people with obesity, before and 1 year after bariatric surgery, were subjected to weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression. Results of LASSO were confirmed in a replication cohort. RESULTS: The expression levels of 440 genes differing between individuals with and without obesity were no longer different 1 year after surgery, indicating restoration. WGCNA clustered 116 genes with normalized expression in one major module, particularly correlating to weight loss and decreased plasma free fatty acids (FFA), 44 of which showed an obesity-related phenotype upon deletion in mice. Among the genes of the major module, 105 represented prominent markers for reduced FFA concentration, including 55 marker genes for decreased BMI in both the discovery and replication cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: Previously unknown gene networks and marker genes underlined the important role of FFA in restoring muscle gene expression after bariatric surgery and further suggest novel therapeutic targets for obesity.

Under pressure-exploring partner changes, physiological responses and telomere dynamics in northern gannets across varying breeding conditions.

Background: Life history theory predicts trade-offs between reproduction and survival in species like the northern gannet (Morus bassanus). During breeding, demanding foraging conditions lead them to expand their foraging range and diversify their diet, increasing the risk of reproductive failure. Changing partners may enhance breeding success but lead to more physiological costs. Methods: To investigate the physiological costs of reproduction upon partner changes, we measured and compared 21 biomarkers related to telomere dynamics, oxidative stress, inflammation, hematology, nutritional status, and muscle damage. We used a longitudinal approach with gannets (n = 38) over three contrasting years (2017, 2018 and 2019). Results: Our results suggest that annual breeding conditions exert a greater influence on physiological changes than partnership status. Individuals that changed partner experienced greater short-term stress than retained partners. This transient increase in stress was marked by short-term increases in oxidative lipid damage, lower antioxidant capacity, signs of inflammation, and greater weight loss than individuals that retained partners. During favorable conditions, individuals that changed mates had stabilized telomere length, decreased antioxidant capacity, glucose concentration, and muscle damage, along with increased oxygen transport capacity. Conversely, unfavorable breeding conditions led to increased telomere attrition, stabilized antioxidant capacity, decreased inflammation susceptibility, diminished oxygen transport capacity, and increased muscle damage. In the cases where partners were retained, distinct physiological changes were observed depending on the year's conditions, yet the telomere dynamics remained consistent across both partnership status categories. During the favorable year, there was an increase in unsaturated fatty acids and oxygen transport capacity in the blood, coupled with a reduction in inflammation potential and protein catabolism. In contrast, during the unfavorable year in the retained mates, we observed an increase in oxidative DNA damage, antioxidant capacity, weight loss, but a decrease in inflammation susceptibility as observed in changed mates. Discussion: Our study shows that behavioral flexibility such as mate switching can help seabirds cope with the challenges of food scarcity during reproduction, but these coping strategies may have a negative impact on physiological status at the individual level. In addition, the marked reduction in telomere length observed during harsh conditions, coupled with the stabilization of telomere length in favorable conditions, highlights the long-term physiological impact of annual breeding conditions on seabirds. These findings underscore the effect on their potential survival and fitness, emphasizing that the influence of annual breeding conditions is greater than that of partnership status.

CETP and APOA2 polymorphisms are associated with weight loss and healthy eating behavior changes in response to digital lifestyle modifications.

Response to digital healthcare lifestyle modifications is highly divergent. This study aimed to examine the association between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes and clinical efficacy of a digital healthcare lifestyle modification. We genotyped 97 obesity-related SNPs from 45 participants aged 18-39 years, who underwent lifestyle modification via digital cognitive behavioral therapy for obesity for 8 weeks. Anthropometric, eating behavior phenotypes, and psychological measures were analyzed before and after the intervention to identify their clinical efficacy. CETP (rs9939224) SNP significantly predict "super-responders" with greater body mass index (BMI) reduction (p = 0.028; GG - 2.91%, GT - 9.94%), while APOA2 (rs5082) appeared to have some potential for predicting "poor-responders" with lower BMI reduction (p = 0.005; AA - 6.17%, AG + 2.05%, and GG + 5.11%). These SNPs was also associated with significant differences in eating behavior changes, healthy diet proportions, health diet diversity, emotional and restrained eating behavior changes. Furthermore, classification using gene-gene interactions between rs9939224 and rs5082 significantly predicted the best response, with a greater decrease in BMI (p = 0.038; - 11.45% for the best response group (CEPT GT/TT × APOA2 AA) vs. + 2.62% for the worst response group (CEPT GG × APOA2 AG/GG)). CETP and APOA2 SNPs can be used as candidate markers to predict the efficacy of digital healthcare lifestyle modifications based on genotype-based precision medicine.Trial registration: NCT03465306, ClinicalTrials.gov. Registered March, 2018.

A Predictive Tool Based on DNA Methylation Data for Personalized Weight Loss through Different Dietary Strategies: A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Obesity is a public health problem. The usual treatment is a reduction in calorie intake and an increase in energy expenditure, but not all individuals respond equally to these treatments. Epigenetics could be a factor that contributes to this heterogeneity. The aim of this research was to determine the association between DNA methylation at baseline and the percentage of BMI loss (%BMIL) after two dietary interventions, in order to design a prediction model to evaluate %BMIL based on methylation data. METHODS AND RESULTS: Spanish participants with overweight or obesity (n = 306) were randomly assigned to two lifestyle interventions with hypocaloric diets: one moderately high in protein (MHP) and the other low in fat (LF) for 4 months (Obekit study; ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02737267). Basal DNA methylation was analyzed in white blood cells using the Infinium MethylationEPIC array. After identifying those methylation sites associated with %BMIL (p < 0.05 and SD > 0.1), two weighted methylation sub-scores were constructed for each diet: 15 CpGs were used for the MHP diet and 11 CpGs for the LF diet. Afterwards, a total methylation score was made by subtracting the previous sub-scores. These data were used to design a prediction model for %BMIL through a linear mixed effect model with the interaction between diet and total score. CONCLUSION: Overall, DNA methylation predicts the %BMIL of two 4-month hypocaloric diets and was able to determine which type of diet is the most appropriate for each individual. The results of this pioneer study confirm that epigenetic biomarkers may be further used for precision nutrition and the design of personalized dietary strategies against obesity.

MicroRNAs and Diet-induced Weight Loss: What's the Link?

It is now well established that lifestyle, particularly eating habits, modulates the synthesis and action of microRNAs (miRNAs). In particular, several nutritional schemes have proven effective in improving body composition, but molecular mechanisms still need to be fully understood. Within the complex physiological network of food intake regulation, it is essential to understand the changes in endocrine activity after the reduction of adipose tissue during a weight loss program. This could be the key to identifying the optimal endocrine profile in high responders, the assessment of musculoskeletal status, and long-term management. In this review, we summarize the state of the art regarding miRNAs as a function of weight loss and as a mechanistic regulator of the effectiveness of the nutritional program.

The Personalized Nutrition Study (POINTS): evaluation of a genetically informed weight loss approach, a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Weight loss (WL) differences between isocaloric high-carbohydrate and high-fat diets are generally small; however, individual WL varies within diet groups. Genotype patterns may modify diet effects, with carbohydrate-responsive genotypes losing more weight on high-carbohydrate diets (and vice versa for fat-responsive genotypes). We investigated whether 12-week WL (kg, primary outcome) differs between genotype-concordant and genotype-discordant diets. In this 12-week single-center WL trial, 145 participants with overweight/obesity were identified a priori as fat-responders or carbohydrate-responders based on their combined genotypes at ten genetic variants and randomized to a high-fat (n = 73) or high-carbohydrate diet (n = 72), yielding 4 groups: (1) fat-responders receiving high-fat diet, (2) fat-responders receiving high-carbohydrate diet, (3) carbohydrate-responders receiving high-fat diet, (4) carbohydrate-responders receiving high-carbohydrate diet. Dietitians delivered the WL intervention via 12 weekly diet-specific small group sessions. Outcome assessors were blind to diet assignment and genotype patterns. We included 122 participants (54.4 [SD:13.2] years, BMI 34.9 [SD:5.1] kg/m2, 84% women) in the analyses. Twelve-week WL did not differ between the genotype-concordant (-5.3 kg [SD:1.0]) and genotype-discordant diets (-4.8 kg [SD:1.1]; adjusted difference: -0.6 kg [95% CI: -2.1,0.9], p = 0.50). With the current ability to genotype participants as fat- or carbohydrate-responders, evidence does not support greater WL on genotype-concordant diets. ClinicalTrials identifier: NCT04145466.

RS2289487 variation in PERILIPIN gene is a predictor of weight loss and protection against impaired glucose metabolism after a meal-replacement diet in postmenopausal obese females.

OBJECTIVE: The PERILIPIN1 (PLIN1) gene encodes an adipocyte-associated protein that modulates weight. The objective was to evaluate the role of the rs2289487 genetic variant of the PLIN1 gene on weight loss and glucose metabolism secondary to a partial meal replacement (pMR) hypocaloric diet. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted an interventional study in 111 postmenopausal obese females with body mass index (BMI) > 35 kg/m2. The subjects received two intakes per day of a normocaloric hyperproteic formula for 12 weeks. RESULTS: After the pMR diet, body weight, (BMI), fat mass, waist circumference, fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR decreased in both genotype groups. The improvements in these parameters were higher in C allele carriers than in subjects with TT genotype. The percentage of patients who achieved 7.5% weight loss was higher in the C carriers (57.4% vs. 27.6%), (adjusted Odds Ratio 2.14, 95% CI = 1.33-9.40; p = 0.02). The decrease in the percentage of diabetes mellitus or impaired fasting glucose decrease was statistically significant in C allele carriers (30.2% vs. 18.9%; p = 0.01) (OR 0.54, 95% CI = 0.22-0.78; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The C allele of rs2289487 predicts the magnitude of weight loss resulting from a pMR diet. These adiposity improvements produce a better improvement in insulin resistance and the percentage of impaired glucose metabolism.

rs67047829 genotypes of ERV3-1/ZNF117 are associated with lower body mass index in the Polish population.

There is now substantial evidence that zinc-finger proteins are implicated in adiposity. Aims were to datamine for high-frequency (near-neutral selection) pretermination-codon (PTC) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; n = 141) from a database with > 550,000 variants and analyze possible association with body mass index in a large Polish sample (n = 5757). BMI was regressed (males/females together or separately) against genetic models. Regression for rs67047829 uncovered an interaction-independent association with BMI with both sexes together: mean ± standard deviation, kg/m2: [G];[G], 25.4 ± 4.59 (n = 3650); [G](;)[A], 25.0 ± 4.28 (n = 731); [A];[A], 23.4 ± 3.60 (n = 44); additive model adjusted for age and sex: p = 4.08 × 10-5; beta: - 0.0458, 95% confidence interval (CI) - 0.0732 : - 0.0183; surviving Bonferroni correction; for males: [G];[G], 24.8 ± 4.94 (n = 1878); [G](;)[A], 24.2 ± 4.31 (n = 386); [A];[A], 22.4 ± 3.69 (n = 23); p = 4.20 × 10-4; beta: - 0.0573, CI - 0.0947 : - 0.0199. For average-height males the difference between [G];[G] and [A];[A] genotypes would correspond to ~ 6 kg, suggesting considerable protection against increased BMI. rs67047829 gives a pretermination codon in ERV3-1 which shares an exonic region and possibly promoter with ZNF117, previously associated with adiposity and type-2 diabetes. As this result occurs in a near-neutral Mendelian setting, a drug targetting ERV3-1/ZNF117 might potentially provide considerable benefits with minimal side-effects. This result needs to be replicated, followed by analyses of splice-variant mRNAs and protein expression.

Effects of obesity, and of weight loss following bariatric surgery, on methylation of DNA from the rectal mucosa and in cell-free DNA from blood.

BACKGROUND: DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism through which environmental factors including nutrition and inflammation influence health. Obesity is a major modifiable risk factor for many common diseases including cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In particular, obesity-induced inflammation resulting from aberrantly-methylated inflammatory genes may drive risk of several non-communicable diseases including colorectal cancer (CRC). This study is the first to investigate the effects of weight loss induced by bariatric surgery (BS) on DNA methylation in the rectum and in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from blood. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: DNA methylation was quantified in rectal mucosal biopsies and cfDNA from serum of 28 participants with obesity before and 6 months after BS, as well as in 12 participants without obesity (control group) matched for age and sex from the Biomarkers Of Colorectal cancer After Bariatric Surgery (BOCABS) Study. DNA methylation of LEP, IL6, POMC, LINE1, MAPK7 and COX2 was quantified by pyrosequencing. RESULTS: BMI decreased significantly from 41.8 kg/m2 pre-surgery to 32.3 kg/m2 at 6 months after BS. Compared with the control group, obesity was associated with lower LEP methylation in both the rectal mucosa and in cfDNA from serum. BS normalised LEP methylation in DNA from the rectal mucosa but not in cfDNA. BS decreased methylation of some CpG sites of LINE1 in the rectal mucosal DNA and in cfDNA to levels comparable with those in participants without obesity. Methylation of POMC in rectal mucosal DNA was normalised at 6 months after BS. CONCLUSION: BS reversed LINE1, POMC and LEP methylation in the rectal mucosa of patients with obesity to levels similar to those in individuals without obesity. These findings support current evidence of effects of BS-induced weight loss on reversibility of DNA methylation in other tissues. The DNA methylation changes in the rectal mucosa shows promise as a biomarker for objective assessment of effects of weight loss interventions on risk of cancer and other diseases.

Weight Loss Is a Strong Predictor of Memory Disorder Independent of Genetic Influences.

BACKGROUND: Past studies identified a link between weight loss and dementia, but lacked consistent conclusions. We sought to establish this link by examining the weight change profiles before and after dementia diagnosis. METHODS: Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (1996-2020), we examined 13,123 participants. We conducted a nested case-control analysis to assess differences in biennial weight change profile while controlling for BMI, longevity polygenic risk scores, and APOE gene variants. RESULTS: Participants with a memory disorder lost weight (-0.63%) biennially, whereas those without a diagnosis did not (+0.013%, p-value < 0.0001). Our case-control study shows a significant difference (p-value < 0.01) in pre-dementia % weight changes between the cases (-0.29%) and controls (0.19%), but not in post-dementia weight changes. The weight loss group have the highest risk (OR = 2.01; p-value < 0.0001) of developing a memory disorder compared to the stable weight and weight gain groups. The observations hold true after adjusting for BMI, longevity polygenic risk scores, and APOE variant in a multivariable model. CONCLUSIONS: We observe that weight loss in dementia is a physiological process independent of genetic factors associated with BMI and longevity. Pre-dementia weight loss may be an important prognostic criterion to assess a person's risk of developing a memory disorder.

Genetic variants associated with weight loss and metabolic outcomes after bariatric surgery: A systematic review.

The extent to which genetic variations contribute to interindividual differences in weight loss and metabolic outcomes after bariatric surgery is unknown. Identifying genetic variants that impact surgery outcomes may contribute to clinical decision making. This review evaluates current evidence addressing the association of genetic variants with weight loss and changes in metabolic parameters after bariatric surgery. A search was conducted using Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Fifty-two eligible studies were identified. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at ADIPOQ (rs226729, rs1501299, rs3774261, and rs17300539) showed a positive association with postoperative change in measures of glucose homeostasis and lipid profiles (n = 4), but not with weight loss after surgery (n = 6). SNPs at FTO (rs11075986, rs16952482, rs8050136, rs9939609, rs9930506, and rs16945088) (n = 10) and MC4R (rs11152213, rs476828, rs2229616, rs9947255, rs17773430, rs5282087, and rs17782313) (n = 9) were inconsistently associated with weight loss and metabolic improvement. Four studies examining the UCP2 SNP rs660339 reported associations with postsurgical weight loss. In summary, there is limited evidence supporting a role for specific genetic variants in surgical outcomes after bariatric surgery. Most studies have adopted a candidate gene approach, limiting the scope for discovery, suggesting that the absence of compelling evidence is not evidence of absence.

Implication of DNA methylation during lifestyle mediated weight loss.

Over the past 50 years, the number of overweight/obese people increased significantly, making obesity a global public health challenge. Apart from rare monogenic forms, obesity is a multifactorial disease, most likely resulting from a concerted interaction of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. Although recent studies opened new avenues in elucidating the complex genetics behind obesity, the biological mechanisms contributing to individual's risk to become obese are not yet fully understood. Non-genetic factors such as eating behaviour or physical activity are strong contributing factors for the onset of obesity. These factors may interact with genetic predispositions most likely via epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenome-wide association studies or methylome-wide association studies are measuring DNA methylation at single CpGs across thousands of genes and capture associations to obesity phenotypes such as BMI. However, they only represent a snapshot in the complex biological network and cannot distinguish between causes and consequences. Intervention studies are therefore a suitable method to control for confounding factors and to avoid possible sources of bias. In particular, intervention studies documenting changes in obesity-associated epigenetic markers during lifestyle driven weight loss, make an important contribution to a better understanding of epigenetic reprogramming in obesity. To investigate the impact of lifestyle in obesity state specific DNA methylation, especially concerning the development of new strategies for prevention and individual therapy, we reviewed 19 most recent human intervention studies. In summary, this review highlights the huge potential of targeted interventions to alter disease-associated epigenetic patterns. However, there is an urgent need for further robust and larger studies to identify the specific DNA methylation biomarkers which influence obesity.

Role of beta-2 adrenergic receptor polymorphism (rs1042714) on body weight and glucose metabolism response to a meal-replacement hypocaloric diet.

OBJECTIVES: The beta-2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) is involved in energy balance regulation. The objective of our study was to evaluate the role of the rs1042714 genetic variant of ADRB2 gene on weight loss, body composition, and metabolic changes secondary to partial meal replacement (pMR) hypocaloric diet in women with obesity. METHODS: We conducted an interventional study in 95 premenopausal women with body mass index ≥ 35 kg/m2. The subjects received two intakes per day of a normocaloric hyperproteic formula during 12 wk of a pMR diet. Body weight, body mass index, fat mass, waist circumference, lipid profile, fasting insulin levels, and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance were determined. All patients were genotyped rs1042714 and evaluated in a dominant model (CC versus CG + GG). RESULTS: Genotype frequencies were 31 (37.3%), 38 (45.8%), and 14 (16.9%) for the CC, CG, and GG genotypes, respectively. We found significant interaction effects between ADRB2 variant and pMR-induced changes (CC versus CG + GG) on body weight (-7.1 ± 0.3 versus -13.5 ± 0.5 kg; P = 0.03), body mass index (-0.9 ± 0.1 versus -1.2 ± 0.2 kg/m2; P = 0.03), fat mass (-4.9 ± 0.5 versus -10.2 ±1.2 kg; P = 0.01), waist circumference (-5.1 ± 0.2 versus -10.1 ± 1.9 cm; P = 0.03), glucose (-5.1 ± 1.3 versus -12.5 ± 2.5 mg/dL; P = 0.03), total cholesterol (-18.1 ± 9.3 versus -33.5 ± 4.5 mg/dL; P = 0.03), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-9.1 ± 5.3 versus -24.5 ± 4.1 mg/dL; P = 0.04), triacylglycerol levels (-6.1 ± 5.3 versus -31.5 ± 9.5 mg/dL; P = 0.04), fasting insulin levels (-1.8 ± 0.3 versus -6.3 ± 0.5 IU/L; P = 0.03), and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (-0.6 ± 0.3 versus -1.9 ± 0.5 U; P = 0.03). The odds ratio to improve alteration in glucose metabolism adjusted by age and weight loss throughout the study was 0.26 (95% CI, 0.07-0.95; P = 0.02) in G allele carriers. CONCLUSIONS: The G allele of rs1042714 predicts the magnitude of weight loss resulting from a pMR diet. These adiposity improvements produce a better improvement of insulin resistance and percentage of impaired glucose metabolism in G allele carriers.